Guest Post: Why is gold mining such a crappy business?

by Steve Saville

Below is an excerpt from a commentary originally posted at www.speculative-investor.com on 12th October 2014.

That gold mining has generally been a crappy long-term investment for almost five decades is evidenced by the following chart. The chart, much of the data for which were provided by Nick Laird of www.sharelynx.com, shows the ratio of the Barrons Gold Mining Index (BGMI) and the US$ gold price from 1920 through to the present*. More specifically, it shows that, relative to gold bullion, the group of gold-mining stocks represented by the BGMI has been in a secular decline since 1968 and is now close to its lowest level since 1948. The question is: Why have gold mining stocks performed so poorly for so long relative to the metal?

10-19si

To answer the question we are going to draw on the Keynote speech recently delivered by Doug Pollitt of Pollitt & Co. at the Denver Gold Forum. A transcript of the speech can be read — and should be read by anyone interested in gold mining investment — HERE. This speech contains some eye-opening facts about the gold sector’s operational performance and an important insight that, we think, explains why the gold-mining business has generated sub-par returns over a very long period. Hint: It isn’t because the people who manage gold-mining businesses are, on average, dumber than the people who manage other commodity-production businesses.

Before getting to the root cause of the problem it’s worth emphasising that the generally poor long-term performance of gold mining stocks stems from the generally poor long-term performance of gold mining businesses. In other words, although the swings in market sentiment are partly responsible for the swings in the BGMI/gold ratio shown in the above chart and although speculative sentiment towards gold mining is probably near a low ebb at this time, the lousy stock-market performance isn’t primarily due to excessive pessimism on the part of share traders/investors. We are, after all, talking about a trend that has been in place for several decades, not something that just sprung up over the past two years. Instead, the lousy stock market performance is a rational response to the lousy returns generated by the underlying businesses. Currently, for example, with the gold-mining sector near its lowest level since 1948 relative to gold bullion, the stocks of most senior and mid-tier gold producers don’t look cheap based on traditional measures of business health such as profitability and free-cash-flow generation.

Two pieces of information from the above-linked speech highlight the poor performance of the gold-mining industry. We are referring to the charts labeled Figure 9 and Figure 10 on page 5. Figure 9 compares the retained earnings of the gold sector with the retained earnings of the oil and base-metals sectors, and indicates that over the past 15 years there were large increases in the retained earnings of oil and base-metal companies versus almost no increase in the retained earnings of gold-mining companies. This is despite a huge increase in the gold price. Figure 10 reveals that the production per share of the gold mining industry fell by about 35% over the same 15-year period while the production per share of the oil industry rose by about 30%.

The explanation for why gold mining has been a crappy business was mostly, but not fully, addressed in the above-linked speech. The rest of the explanation was provided by Morgan Poliquin, who is one of about three gold-mining CEOs with a good grasp of economic theory (Morgan is the CEO of Almaden Minerals (AAU)). It goes like this:

1. Gold is the premier counter-cyclical asset. When the financial/banking system appears to be in trouble or it is widely feared that central banks are playing fast and loose with the official money, the stock and bond markets are perceived to be less attractive and gold-related investments are perceived to be more attractive.

2. Gold to the stock and bond markets is like an ant to an elephant, so the aforementioned shift in investment demand results in far more money making its way into gold-related investments than can be used efficiently.

3. Geology exacerbates the difficulty of putting a flood of new money to work in an efficient manner in the gold-mining industry, in that lucrative gold deposits are more difficult to find and are usually not as scalable as, for example, copper deposits, iron-ore deposits and oil deposits. By “not as scalable” it is meant that whereas a higher commodity price will often create an opportunity to expand an existing industrial-metals mine or oil-sands operation, that’s usually not the case with a gold mine.

4. The new money flooding into the gold sector will be attracted to the companies showing the most growth. Due to the considerable amount of time, effort and risk involved in finding an economic gold deposit and then developing it into a mine, the quickest and easiest way to achieve the sort of growth for which the market brays is via M&A (mergers and acquisitions). However, whenever there is a surge in M&A activity, many of the purchases and business combinations will prove to be ill-conceived. Furthermore, the companies with solid cash-generating operations and high returns on investment that don’t play the ‘growth-at-any-cost-by-M&A’ game will get swallowed by the companies that do.

5. The new money flooding into the gold sector will also tend to make large deposits more desirable, even if the deposits are in risky locations and are unlikely to ever be economic as a result of their low grades or problematic metallurgy.

6. Due to the issues noted above, the gold-mining sector experiences a lot more mal-investment than other commodity sectors. In the same way that the mal-investment fostered by the Fed’s monetary inflation has caused the US economy to effectively stagnate over the past 15 years, the bad investment decisions fostered by the periodic floods of money towards gold mining have made the industry inefficient. Putting it another way, just as the busts that follow the central-bank-caused economic booms tend to wipe out all the gains made during the booms, the gold-mining industry experiences a boom-bust cycle of its own with similar results. The difference is that the booms in gold mining roughly coincide with the busts in the broad economy.

7. Not coincidentally, the problems for the gold-mining industry began at around the same time that central banks in general and the Federal Reserve in particular became free to inflate the money supply and manipulate interest rates without any rigid restrictions. The time was the early-1970s, when the US$ was untethered from gold.

Gold producers have taken steps to become more efficient over the past 18 months and have liquidated many of the mal-investments of the preceding boom. This paves the way for dramatic strength in the shares relative to the bullion during at least the first year of the next bull market in gold-related investments, but it’s a virtual certainty that the surging demand for gold during the coming economic bust will lead to yet another round of massive mal-investment in the gold-mining industry.

The bottom line is that gold mining is doomed to remain a crappy business as long as the current monetary system is in place. This means that it will periodically be the recipient of a flood of new money, prompting a great deal of unproductive investment and TEMPORARILY generating huge returns for gold-stock investors.

*The chart uses weekly data since 1960 and monthly data prior to 1960. Also, the chart uses BGMI data beginning in 1938 and the share price of Homestake Mining (HM) scaled to the BGMI prior to that.
Regular financial market forecasts and analyses are provided at our web site:  http://www.speculative-investor.com/new/index.html

Also, free samples of our work (excerpts from our regular commentaries) and additional thoughts on the financial markets (and other stuff)are provided at our blog: http://tsi-blog.com/

4 replies
  1. swheatie23 says:

    Being in the mining business, even only for 3 years and with no prior gold experience, I couldn’t agree more.
    I started reading Keith’s writings in May 2013 when I first found his article “How Not to Trade the Dollar”.
    I like reading his view on gold, but have wondered whether there’s actually any reason to be mining gold in this kind of environment. Pretty much all I see is an industry fraught with bad investments, bad management, and “gold price chasing”….It’s good to see such an excellent summary, see the history beyond just the last 10-15 years, and to see someone connect the beginning of poor performance to the untethering of the dollar from gold.

    • EngineerBill says:

      I read the transcript of Doug Pollitt’s speech.
      The thing that I came away with is that gold is hard to find and hard to extract. Throwing lots of money at it doesn’t change that.
      In my mind this meshes with your observation that gold has extreme Stock-to-flow ratio of at least 80 years.
      That’s because gold is not used, or processed into products, like copper and oil.
      If the gold miners/processors were to reduce the stock-to-flow by half it would also reduce gold’s value as a monetary metal.
      So what do I do with my retirement savings?
      I am not comfortable with owning gold metal, say in the form of bullion coins. (security)
      Doug Pollitt’s comments make me think that gold mining stocks is not a good idea either.
      What about gold ETF’s?
      Or something I have not yet heard of?
      If gold and silver were money instead of being commodities, I think my choices would be much simpler.

  2. smilewei says:

    This guest post provides valuable insights into the complexities of gold mining as a business. Gold mining is indeed a challenging industry, subject to numerous factors that can impact profitability and sustainability.

    The finite nature of gold resources presents a significant challenge. As mentioned in the article, discovering new gold deposits becomes increasingly difficult over time, leading to higher exploration costs and diminishing returns. This highlights the importance of responsible resource management and the need for innovative techniques to maximize the extraction of gold from existing deposits.

    Additionally, the article briefly touches upon the role of equipment in gold mining. Advanced gold mining equipment is crucial for efficient and safe operations. Utilizing modern technologies, such as mechanized drilling rigs, high-capacity crushers, and sophisticated gold recovery systems, can enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Moreover, proper equipment maintenance and continuous improvement are essential to optimize efficiency and reduce downtime. It’s worth noting that responsible mining practices are vital for mitigating the environmental impact of gold mining. Implementing stringent regulations, employing reclamation plans, and adopting sustainable practices are crucial steps toward minimizing the ecological footprint associated with this industry. Gold mining is indeed a challenging business due to the finite nature of gold resources and various operational complexities. However, through responsible resource management, the adoption of advanced mining equipment, and a commitment to sustainable practices, the industry can strive for more efficient and environmentally conscious operations.https://www.mill-sbm.com/blog/gold-mining-rock-crusher

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